Step 5: Update Vesting

Overview

Step 5 applies the plan’s vesting schedule to determine what portion of each participant’s account is vested (owned by the employee) versus unvested (subject to forfeiture if they terminate).

Vesting is a critical employee retention mechanism that gradually transfers ownership of ESOP shares to participants based on years of service.

Core Responsibilities

Vesting Calculation

Apply vesting schedule based on service years

Forfeiture Identification

Calculate non-vested amounts subject to forfeiture

Multi-Class Support

Track vesting per security in multi-class mode

Cash Vesting

Apply vesting to both shares and cash balances

How Vesting Works

Vesting Schedule Types

Graded Vesting
Cliff Vesting
Immediate Vesting

Ownership increases gradually over time:

vesting_schedule = {
0.20,  # 20% after 1 year
0.40,  # 40% after 2 years
0.60,  # 60% after 3 years
0.80,  # 80% after 4 years
1.00   # 100% after 5 years
}

Example:

Employee has 1,000 allocated shares
Service years: 3.5 years
Vesting: 60% (based on 3 years, rounded down)
Vested: 1,000 × 0.60 = 600 shares
Unvested: 1,000 × 0.40 = 400 shares (potential forfeiture)

Full ownership after single milestone:

vesting_schedule = {
    1: 0.00,  # 0% after 1 year
    2: 0.00,  # 0% after 2 years
    3: 1.00   # 100% after 3 years (cliff)
}

Example:

Employee A (2.9 years): 0% vested
Employee B (3.0 years): 100% vested

One day can make the difference between 0% and 100% vested!

Full ownership upon allocation (rare for ESOPs):

vesting_schedule = {
    0: 1.00   # 100% immediately
}

All shares are vested the moment they’re allocated.

Processing Logic

Single-Class Mode

for employee in active_employees:
    # 1. Determine vesting percentage
    service_years_int = int(employee.service_years)  # Round down: 3.9 → 3
    
    if service_years_int in vesting_schedule:
        vesting_pct = vesting_schedule[service_years_int]
    else:
        # If beyond max schedule year, assume 100% vested
        max_year = max(vesting_schedule.keys())
        vesting_pct = 1.0 if service_years_int > max_year else 0.0
    
    # 2. Calculate total balances
    total_shares = (
        employee.opening_shares +        # Beginning balance
        employee.allocated_shares -      # This year's allocation
        employee.diversified_shares      # Minus diversification
    )
    
    total_cash = (
        employee.opening_cash +
        employee.allocated_cash -
        employee.diversified_cash
    )
    
    # 3. Apply vesting
    employee.vested_shares = total_shares * vesting_pct
    employee.vested_cash = total_cash * vesting_pct
    
    # 4. Calculate potential forfeitures (if terminated)
    employee.potential_forfeitures = total_shares * (1 - vesting_pct)
    employee.potential_forfeitures_cash = total_cash * (1 - vesting_pct)

Multi-Class Mode

Vesting is applied per security:

for employee in active_employees:
    # Determine vesting %
    vesting_pct = get_vesting_percentage(employee.service_years)
    
    total_vested_shares = 0
    total_potential_forfeitures = 0
    
    # Apply to each security holding
    for security_id, holding in employee.holdings.items():
        # Total shares in this security
        shares_in_security = holding.shares
        
        # Vested amount
        vested_in_security = shares_in_security * vesting_pct
        total_vested_shares += vested_in_security
        
        # Potential forfeitures
        forfeitures_in_security = shares_in_security * (1 - vesting_pct)
        total_potential_forfeitures += forfeitures_in_security
    
    # Set aggregate amounts
    employee.vested_shares = total_vested_shares
    employee.potential_forfeitures = total_potential_forfeitures
    
    # Cash vesting (aggregate, not per-security)
    total_cash = employee.opening_cash + employee.allocated_cash - employee.diversified_cash
    employee.vested_cash = total_cash * vesting_pct
    employee.potential_forfeitures_cash = total_cash * (1 - vesting_pct)

Vesting Examples

Example 1: Fully Vested
Example 2: Partially Vested
Example 3: Not Vested
Example 4: Multi-Class

Scenario:

Service years: 5.2 years
Vesting schedule: 100% at year 5
Allocated shares: 1,000
Opening shares: 4,000
Total: 5,000 shares

Calculation:

Vesting %: 100%
Vested shares: 5,000 × 1.0 = 5,000 shares
Potential forfeitures: 5,000 × 0.0 = 0 shares

✅ Employee owns entire account

Cash Vesting

New in v0.2: Cash balances are vested using the same schedule as shares.

Participants may have cash from:

Company cash contributions
Diversification elections (converted from stock to cash)
Dividends or interest
Opening cash balances

Cash vesting mirrors share vesting:

total_cash = opening_cash + allocated_cash - diversified_cash
vested_cash = total_cash * vesting_percentage
potential_forfeitures_cash = total_cash * (1 - vesting_percentage)

Example:

Employee has $10,000 cash in account
Service: 2 years → 40% vested
Vested cash: $10,000 × 0.40 =$ 4,000
Potential forfeiture: $10,000 × 0.60 =$ 6,000

Potential Forfeitures

“Potential forfeitures” are NOT actual forfeitures yet. They become actual forfeitures only if the employee terminates before becoming fully vested.

When Forfeitures Occur

Forfeitures are realized in Step 7 when:

Employee terminates
Employee has potential_forfeitures > 0
Forfeiture policy is applied

The Flow:

Step 5: Calculate potential_forfeitures
Step 7: If terminated → convert to forfeited_shares
Step 2 (next year): Reallocate forfeited shares

Forfeiture vs. Vested

Metric	Vested	Unvested (Potential Forfeiture)
Ownership	Employee owns	Company owns
If terminated	Employee keeps	Company reclaims
If continues	Stays with employee	May vest later
Distribution	Must be distributed	Never distributed

Service Year Rounding

Service years are rounded down (floor) to determine vesting schedule lookup.

Examples:

1.0 years → Lookup year 1
1.9 years → Lookup year 1 (not 2!)
2.0 years → Lookup year 2
2.999 years → Lookup year 2
5.1 years → Lookup year 5

service_years_int = int(employee.service_years)  # Floor function
vesting_pct = vesting_schedule.get(service_years_int, default)

This protects the company from prematurely vesting employees who haven’t yet completed a full service year.

Data Flow

Inputs

Plan Rules
Employee Data

{
  "vesting_schedule": {
    1: 0.20,
    2: 0.40,
    3: 0.60,
    4: 0.80,
    5: 1.00
  }
}

{
  "employee_id": "EMP001",
  "service_years": 3.2,
  "opening_shares": 1500.0,      # Beginning balance
  "allocated_shares": 500.0,     # This year's allocation (from Step 3)
  "diversified_shares": 0.0,     # Diversification (from Step 6)
  "opening_cash": 5000.0,
  "allocated_cash": 0.0,
  "diversified_cash": 0.0,
  "holdings": {                   # Multi-class mode
    "CLASS_A": {"shares": 1200.0},
    "CLASS_B": {"shares": 800.0}
  }
}

Outputs

Employee Updates
Compliance Events

{
  "vested_shares": 1200.0,             # 60% of 2,000
  "vested_cash": 3000.0,               # 60% of 5,000
  "potential_forfeitures": 800.0,      # 40% of 2,000
  "potential_forfeitures_cash": 2000.0 # 40% of 5,000
}

Per employee:

{
  "year": 2025,
  "phase": "vesting",
  "event": "vesting_updated",
  "entity_type": "employee",
  "entity_id": "EMP001",
  "details": {
    "vest_pct": 0.60,
    "vested_shares": 1200.0,
    "vested_cash": 3000.0,
    "potential_forfeitures": 800.0,
    "potential_forfeitures_cash": 2000.0
  }
}

Edge Cases

Service Years Exceed Max Schedule

If employee service exceeds the max year in vesting schedule:

max_year = max(vesting_schedule.keys())  # e.g., 5
if service_years_int > max_year:
    vesting_pct = 1.0  # Assume 100% vested

Example:

Schedule ends at year 5
Employee has 12 years service
Vesting: 100% (fully vested)

Service Years Below Min Schedule

If employee service is less than first schedule year:

if service_years_int < min(vesting_schedule.keys()):
    vesting_pct = 0.0  # Not yet vested

Example:

Schedule starts at year 1
Employee has 0.5 years service
Vesting: 0% (not vested)

Negative Balances Protection

In rare cases, diversification or corrections might cause negative balance:

total_shares = max(0, opening + allocated - diversified)

Prevents negative vesting calculations.

Newly Allocated Shares

Shares allocated this year are immediately subject to vesting:

Allocated in Step 3: 500 shares
Vesting in Step 5: 40%
Vested: 500 × 0.40 = 200 shares
Unvested: 500 × 0.60 = 300 shares

New allocations don’t get special treatment—same vesting % applies.

Compliance Events

vesting_updated
vesting_computed (structured)

Legacy compliance log format:

{
  "year": 2025,
  "phase": "vesting",
  "event": "vesting_updated",
  "entity_type": "employee",
  "entity_id": "EMP042",
  "details": {
    "vest_pct": 0.80,
    "vested_shares": 4800.0,
    "vested_cash": 12000.0,
    "potential_forfeitures": 1200.0,
    "potential_forfeitures_cash": 3000.0
  }
}

Structured event format:

{
  "year": 2025,
  "phase": "vesting",
  "event": "vesting_computed",
  "entity_type": "employee",
  "entity_id": "EMP042",
  "inputs": {
    "vesting_percent": 0.80
  },
  "outputs": {
    "vested_shares": 4800.0,
    "vested_cash": 12000.0,
    "potential_forfeitures": 1200.0,
    "potential_forfeitures_cash": 3000.0
  }
}

Step 3: Allocation

Provides allocated shares that get vested

Step 6: Diversification

Reduces share balance before vesting calculation

Step 7: Repurchase

Converts potential forfeitures to actual forfeitures

Plan Rules

Defines vesting schedule

Vesting Strategy Considerations

Why Use Graded Vesting?

Advantages:

Gradual ownership transfer
Reduces forfeiture shock
Better retention over time
Employees see progress annually

Disadvantages:

More complex to administer
Partial forfeitures common

Why Use Cliff Vesting?

Advantages:

Simpler to administer
Strong retention at cliff point
Clear ownership threshold

Disadvantages:

“All or nothing” can be demotivating
High forfeiture if employees leave before cliff
May violate DOL regulations if cliff > 3 years for ESOPs

Accelerated Vesting Triggers

Some plans include accelerated vesting for:

Death
Disability
Retirement (age 65)
Plan termination
Change of control

These triggers can override the normal vesting schedule and grant immediate 100% vesting.

Summary

Step 5 is the vesting calculator that:

✅ Applies vesting schedule based on service years
✅ Calculates vested shares and cash balances
✅ Identifies potential forfeitures (unvested amounts)
✅ Supports multi-class securities with per-security tracking
✅ Handles edge cases (service beyond schedule, negative balances)
✅ Emits compliance events for audit trail

Key Insight: Vesting is a powerful retention tool. Employees who leave before fully vested forfeit unvested amounts, which are then reallocated to remaining participants—creating an incentive to stay with the company.

Vesting calculations in Step 5 are forward-looking estimates. Actual forfeitures only occur in Step 7 if the employee terminates.

Getting Started

Configuration Guide

For Enterprise

Architecture

Data Models

Simulation Pipeline

Examples

API Reference

API Schemas

Overview

Core Responsibilities

Vesting Calculation

Forfeiture Identification

Multi-Class Support

Cash Vesting

How Vesting Works

Vesting Schedule Types

Processing Logic

Single-Class Mode

Multi-Class Mode

Vesting Examples

Cash Vesting

Potential Forfeitures

When Forfeitures Occur

Forfeiture vs. Vested

Service Year Rounding

Data Flow

Inputs

Outputs

Edge Cases

Compliance Events

Step 3: Allocation

Step 6: Diversification

Step 7: Repurchase

Plan Rules

Vesting Strategy Considerations

Summary

​Overview

​Core Responsibilities

Vesting Calculation

Forfeiture Identification

Multi-Class Support

Cash Vesting

​How Vesting Works

​Vesting Schedule Types

​Processing Logic

​Single-Class Mode

​Multi-Class Mode

​Vesting Examples

​Cash Vesting

​Potential Forfeitures

​When Forfeitures Occur

​Forfeiture vs. Vested

​Service Year Rounding

​Data Flow

​Inputs

​Outputs

​Edge Cases

​Compliance Events

​Related Steps

Step 3: Allocation

Step 6: Diversification

Step 7: Repurchase

Plan Rules

​Vesting Strategy Considerations

​Summary

Overview

Core Responsibilities

How Vesting Works

Vesting Schedule Types

Processing Logic

Single-Class Mode

Multi-Class Mode

Vesting Examples

Cash Vesting

Potential Forfeitures

When Forfeitures Occur

Forfeiture vs. Vested

Service Year Rounding

Data Flow

Inputs

Outputs

Edge Cases

Compliance Events

Related Steps

Vesting Strategy Considerations

Summary